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SECTION 1
ExecutiveSummary
Información
Español
Fundación La Salle
Strategy Paper
SECTION 2
Choluteca Declaration by Greenpeace
Choluteca Declaration
Deforestación
Fertilizer research
Letter to Greenpeace
SECTION 3
Flasa Agreement
Contact:
SECTION 4
About Shrimp
Acuicultura
FutureOpportunities
SobreChitin SECTION
5
Tax papers are all
in Spanish: Exoneración
Seniat SECTION
6 All PDF Files:
About
Shrimp
Acuicultura Choluteca Declaration
by Greenpeace CholutecaDeclaration
Closed System
Contact
Declaración
de Choluteca Deforestación(SP)
Executive Summary
Exoneración(Sp)
FertilizerResearch
FlasaAgreement(SP)
Fundación La
Salle FutureOpportunities
Información español
Seniat(SP)
Shrimp by Greenpeace
SobreChitin(SP)
Resumen Fertilizante(SP)
Letter to Greenpeace
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Authors:
Craig L. Browdy1, Delma Bratvold1, Alvin D. Stokes1and Robins P. McIntosh2
1 Waddell Mariculture Center, Marine Resources Research Institute, South
Carolina Department of Natural Resources, 217 Ft. Johnson Rd., CHar;eston,
SC 29422 USA
2 Belize Aquaculture Ltd., #1 King St., PO Box 37, Belize City, Belize
The environmental sustainability of aquaculture in general - and shrimp
culture in particular - has received increasing attention in recent years.
Discharge of nutrient-rich effluent from intensive culture systems can
contribute to eutrophication of receiving waters, potentially impacting
both natural biota and local culture operations. With the proliferation of
catastrophic viral epidemics, implementation of techniques for minimizing
water exchange has increased. A growing volume of scientific research and
industry experience confirms that water exchange may be reduced or
eliminated. Supplemental aeration plays a key role in the successful
operation of semi-intensive and intensive closed systems. To maintain
appropriate dissolved oxygen levels it has been estimated that paddlewheel
aeration, used in many closed systems, must be increased by 10% or more
over levels traditionally applied in intensive culture. As aeration rates
are increased, aerator placement and use of backup aeration and alarm
systems becomes a necessity.
The pond microbial community plays a major role in pond dissolved oxygen
dynamics, natural food availability and mineral recycling rates. A growing
volume of research and hands-on experience suggests that manipulation of
microbial communities through supplementation of limiting nutrients,
selective habitat expansion, or culture additions can have positive
impacts. In some cases, however, these same techniques can have unexpected
consequences requiring more basic research on pond microbial community
ecology and an improved understanding of mechanisms of action.
Feed is the major source of nutrient input into pond systems. Without
water exchange, control of feed formulations and feed inputs becomes one
of the most critical factors for success as levels of intensification are
increased. Preliminary studies are now under way aimed at increasing
stocking densities in enclosed bio secure raceway systems using static
water culture technologies. Preliminary results are presented and avenues
for future research are on water reuse are discussed.
Sedimentation may represent an effective strategy for removal of organic
material from culture systems and harvest water.
Additional research
will be needed to explore waste treatment and related disposal issues.
An extended review of recent publications on the development and
application of zero exchange systems at Belize Aquaculture, Ltd., is
included. Application of recent technological advances and experience
gained in research, pilot and commercial scale systems can improve the
outlook for optimisations of the design of new systems, the retrofitting
of existing systems and the application of management protocols for shrimp
culture with minimal water exchange.
The design and management of production facilities to reuse water,
minimize exchange and eliminate discharge will improve the outlook for
more profitable and sustainable production technologies.
A GLOBAL REVIEW OF SHRIMP FEED MANAGEMENT: STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES
Authors:
Darryl E. Jory1, Tomás R. Cabrera2, Durwood M. Dugger1, Daniel Fegan3,
Phillip G. Lee4, Addison L. Lawrence5, Christopher J. Jackson6, Robins P.
McIntosh7 and Julio Castañeda8
1 BioCepts International, Inc., HBOI Aquaculture Park, 5618 Old Dixie Hwy,
University of Miami, RSMAS-MAF, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL
33149 U.S.A. Ft. Pierce, FL 34946 USA
2 Universidad de Oriente, Núcleo de Nueva Esparta, Escuela de Ciencias
Aplicadas al Mar, Isla de Margarita, Venezuela
3 Shrimp Biotechnology Program, National Center for Genetic Engineering &
Biotechnology, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
4 National Resource Center for Cephalopods, University of Texas
Medicattle is known about their biology and physical demands within their
natural habitat.
As a consequence, there exists the lack of a viable culture technique. Yet,
there is great potential in the P. schmitti species, which has a similar
cultivating system to that of P. vannamei. Because the technology for P.
schmitti is believed to be in the experimental stage, culturing of this
species has not been fully developed.
Freshwater aquaculture in Belize is currently focused on ornamental fish.
However, there was one farm, the Cherux Farm, involved in the farming and
exportation of the Australian fresh water lobster and the Red Drum fish.
Additionally, this farm was previously involved in the farming of Tilapia
but this practice has now ceased. Farming of the Australian fresh water
lobster has also temporarily ceased because of marketing problems and
environmental issues. Presently, Cherux Farm has merged with Nova
Companies Belize Ltd. who is the majority shareholder. Currently, there
are six farms operating in Belize located in the Belize, Stann Creek and
Toledo Districts.
The current Fisheries legislation does not include specific regulations
for aquaculture activities. All farm operations must conform to guidelines
governing importance of juveniles, broodstock and infrastructure. For
example, all broodstock and fingerlings brought into the country for
culturing must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate. Processing
must be conducted in accordance with the quality assurance regulations of
the Fisheries Act. Also, the development of aquaculture projects must
minimize critical habitat destruction (mangroves etc.) and conform to the
environmental guidelines set out by the Department of Environment and the
Fisheries department. The Fisheries Department encourages the culture of
indigenous species to reduce or minimize the introduction of exotics into
the wild.
Belize has good potentials for aquaculture because of the following:
1) It has a politically stable Government engendered by long democratic
traditions.
2) Tropical conditions allow for year-round culture activities
3) Water (both fresh and marine) is abundant and of good quality
4) Logistical advantages by virtue of geography, international status and
language
5) Available labor at virtually all levels of aquaculture enterprises
6) Lucrative and competitive development incentives.
In 2001, estimated export earnings from farmed shrimp was BZ $46 million.
This industry can be classified as being moderate scale yet expanding
rapidly, and generating a significant amount of
foreign exchange for the country. The productive sector of Belize invests
its energy in export-oriented enterprises; therefore, the Government of
Belize retains a pro-investment policy concerning aquaculture in Belize.
Also existing is artisanal shrimp fishing, which is mostly limited to the
southern coastal regions. The most commonly caught species from this
fishery are the Panaeus duorarum and Panaeus schmitti. The small amount of
data gathered on this fishery indicates that it is under-exploited.
However, it is believed that the trawl shrimp fishery, which over the past
10 years has fluctuated between 10-14 trawlers, is most likely over-exploited.
The Industrial Trawl fishery consists of industrial fleet design as those
as the Gulf of Mexico type trawlers.
Currently, the shrimp companies of Nova Companies Belize Ltd. and Belize
Aquaculture Ltd. are seeking to increase the production of larvae for
shrimp. The urgency for this venture has developed because of the
widespread infestation of the white spot virus affecting larvae imports
along the Pacific Coast of Central America. They hope to become self-sufficient
in the production of larvae by the end of this year, supplying larvae for
all shrimp farms in Belize.
Note: EVVEN does not share all opinions
of these articles.
The resettlement ponds the Belize Aquaculture Ltd uses have to be emptied
eventually. En regards to the Species of P.schmitti, the Fundación La
Salle / EDIMAR has archived all goals necessary to commence a venture
based on P.schmitti.
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